Ngokusekelwe emlandweni wemboni yasebhange yase-US, uyini umehluko phakathi kombolekisi wezindlu kanye nebhange lokudayisa?
11/21/2022
Umlando Webhange lase-US
Ngo-1838, i-United States yashaya uMthetho Wokubhanga Wamahhala, owawuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamahhala komkhakha wezezimali wokuqala.
Ngaleso sikhathi, noma ubani one-$100,000 wayengavula ibhange.
Imboni yamabhange yayivumela amabhizinisi axubile, amabhange okuhweba akwazi ukuphatha ukuthengiselana kwemali mboleko, kodwa futhi abandakanyeka ekutshalweni kwebhange lokutshala izimali kanye nomshwalense, okusho ukuthi amabhange awazange athathe amadiphozithi kubagcini nje kuphela, kodwa futhi athatha imali yabagcinisi ukwenza izimali eziyingozi.
Ngakho-ke, inani lamabhange ase-US likhule ngokushesha, lihehwa izimfuneko zokungena ezikhululekile kanye nezinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo komkhakha wamabhange, ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezifanayo kanye nokuqondisa kubangele isiphithiphithi emkhakheni wamabhange.
Ngesikhathi Sokuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho ngo-1929, lapho amabhange esebenzisa budedengu imali yababeki imali ekutshaleni imali okuyingozi, ukuwa kwemakethe yamasheya yase-US kwabangela ukuba amabhange asebenze kakhulu, futhi amabhange angaphezu kuka-9 000 ahluleka phakathi neminyaka emithathu - ukusebenza okuxubile okubhekwa njengento enkulu. ekucupheni Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.
Ngo-1933, iCongress yenza uMthetho we-Glass-Steagall, owenqabela ukusebenza okuxubile kwamabhange futhi wahlukanisa ngokuqinile ukusebenza kwamabhange otshalomali namabhange okuhweba, okusho ukuthi imali efakwa amabhange okuhweba ingaba engozini encane kuphela.
I-JP Morgan Bank njengoba sazi ukuthi nayo kwadingeka ihlukane ibe yi-JP Morgan Bank kanye neMorgan Stanley Investment Bank ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuleli qophelo, umkhakha wamabhange aseMelika ungene esigabeni sokuhlukana.
Ngalesi sikhathi, imboni yamabhange ibiqhuba ibhizinisi elihlangene ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi kokubili ububanzi bebhizinisi nobukhulu bebhizinisi bekuboshelwe ngezinga elithile.
NgoZibandlela ka-1999, uMthetho Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezinkonzo Zezimali waphasiswa e-US, ususa imingcele phakathi kwamabhange, izikhungo zezibambiso kanye nezikhungo zomshwalense ngokobubanzi bebhizinisi, oqeda cishe iminyaka engama-70 yokuhlukana.
"Impilo edlule" yezikweletu
Ekuqaleni, imali ebolekiwe yezindlu ezibolekiwe yayiyimalimboleko ye-Balloon Payment esikhathini esifushane noma esimaphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zimali mboleko zazizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamanani ezindlu, futhi lapho kuqala Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, amanani ezindlu aqhubeka ehla futhi amabhange abhekana nenani elikhulu lezikweletu ezimbi, okwenza umjikelezo ononya owaholela ekutheni izakhamuzi zilahlekelwe amakhaya abo kanye nenani elikhulu lezikweletu. amabhange aqothuka.
Ngemva kwalesi simo esibucayi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho futhi kuxazululwe inkinga yezindlu zabahlali, i-United States yaqala ukusiza izakhamuzi ekutholeni izikweletu zezindlu ngendlela yeziqinisekiso zikahulumeni.
I-Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA noma u-Fannie Mae) yasungulwa ngo-1938 ngokuyinhloko ukuze ithenge imali ebolekiwe eqinisekiswe yi-Federal Housing Administration (FHA) kanye ne-Veterans Administration (VA) futhi yaqala ukuthenga izikweletu ezijwayelekile eziqinisekisiwe ezingezona zikahulumeni ngo-1972.
Ngaleso sikhathi, imakethe ye-mortgage iyonke yayisasebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhlukaniswa, amabhange okutshalwa kwezimali kancane kancane athola ukuthi ngokusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwempahla, angakwazi ukudiliza imali ebolekiwe ye-mortgage yokuhlala enesamba esikhulu semali ibe inombolo enkulu amabhondi wamanani amancane, athuthukise kakhulu i-liquidity.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1970, uhulumeni wadala iFederal Home Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC noma uFreddie Mac) ukuze ithuthukise ngokugcwele imakethe yesibili yezindlu zokuhlala.
Ukwakhiwa kukaFreddie Mac kube nomthelela ngqo ekuthuthukisweni kwemakethe yesibili yezindlu ezibolekwayo futhi kwanikeza imvume yokunikezwa kwempahla ebanjiswayo.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-Mortgage Lender neRetail Bank
Uma umboleki ecabanga ukufaka isicelo semali mboleko yezindlu, izindlela ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ukuya ngqo ebhange (Ibhange Lokuthengisa) noma kumdayisi wezindlu (Mortgage Lender).
Ibhange lokudayisa (ibhange lezentengiselwano), ngakolunye uhlangothi, livamise ukuba yinkampani exubile ehlinzeka ngezindlu ezibolekiwe kanye nezinkonzo zezezimali ezifana nokonga, amakhadi esikweletu, imali mboleko yezimoto, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali.
Lapho obolekayo esondela ebhange elithile, bazokwazi ukufinyelela olwazini nasezinkonzweni zalelo bhange kuphela, futhi izinsiza zebhange ngokuvamile zilinganiselwe emalini ebolekiwe, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlanganisa ngokugcwele ubunkimbinkimbi bobudlelwano phakathi kwekhaya nemali ebolekiwe.
Nakuba izimali zebhange lokudayisa zingase zibe ngaphansi, umabolekisi wezindlu ngokuvamile unikeza isevisi echwepheshile, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokukhethwa okubanzi kwemikhiqizo yezithameli eziningi.
I-Mortgage Lender inganikeza ababoleka izeluleko eziphelele nezobungcweti zezikweletu, isize izihambeli ziphendule imibuzo ehlukahlukene eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nezimali ezibolekiwe namaphothifoliyo okuxhasa ngezimali, futhi zithole okufanelana kangcono nomboleki phakathi kwenqwaba yemikhiqizo.
Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi isikhundla somboleki sivuna kakhulu ababoleki, njengoba benezinketho eziningi kanye nezinzuzo ezibonakalayo.
Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuthola umbolekisi omuhle wemali mboleko kanye nomsunguli omuhle wemali mboleko yezindlu kungasindisa imali yomboleki, isikhathi, futhi uthole ulwazi lomkhiqizo olungcono kakhulu okokuqala.
Isitatimende: Lesi sihloko sihlelwe ngabakwa-AAA LENDINGS;ezinye zezithombe zithathwe ku-inthanethi, indawo yesayithi ayimelwe futhi ngeke iphinde iphrintwe ngaphandle kwemvume.Kukhona ubungozi emakethe futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kuqaphe.Lesi sihloko asihlanganisi iseluleko somuntu siqu sokutshala izimali, futhi asicabangi izinjongo ezithile zokutshala izimali, isimo sezezimali noma izidingo zabasebenzisi ngabanye.Abasebenzisi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi noma imiphi imibono, imibono noma iziphetho eziqukethwe lapha zifanele isimo sabo esithile.Tshala imali ngokufanele ngokuzifaka engozini.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-22-2022